CLOTH
MANUFACTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL LORDSHIP OF KIDWELLY
R. IAN JACK
Published & copyright held by The Carmarthenshire Antiquarian Society
From
the thirteenth century onwards, cloth was manufactured in the marcher lordships
of Wales on a capitalised, industrial basis. There were two major areas
of concentration, one in the north in the lordships of Denbigh, Dyffryn Clwyd
and Chirk, the other in the south in the later counties of Monmouth, Glamorgan
and Carmarthen.[1] Except for the abbey of Tintern and
the priory of Carmarthen,[2] the
impetus for a cloth industry was largely secular and can be gauged best by
the building of fulling-mills.
The
fulling-mill was the adaptation of waterpower to an age-old process of beating
woven cloth in a cleansing solution both to consolidate the texture and to
remove fats and other impurities. To build a fulling-mill implied a conscious
effort of capital investment comparable to the construction of a new grist-mill,
so an analysis of the leasing of pandies reveals trends in the local cloth
industry.[3] Using
this methodology for the lordship of Kidwelly, some sputtering light can be
cast on otherwise dark aspects of its industrial history.
The
cloth industry in the medieval lordship of Kidwelly was very much concentrated
around its two small urban centres, Kidwelly and Llanelli. Because the lordship was in the hands of
the house of Lancaster from the late thirteenth century onwards,[4]
and incorporated in the Duchy of Lancaster administration of the English kings
in the fifteenth century and beyond, it is reasonably well documented, although
the major series of local ministers' accounts begins only in 1399.[5] The house of Lancaster
obtained Kidwelly through marriage to the heiress of the Patrick Chaworth who died In 1282 and the inquisition taken after Chaworth's death
gives a useful summary of the Lancastrian inheritance in the lordship.[6]
Already
in 1282 there was a fulling-mill situated on the South Weir, below the castle
on the Gwendraeth Fach. This is not the weir whose substantial stone foundations
are clearly visible today athwart the river below the south east corner of
the castle perimeter: that is a nineteenth-century construction to provide
a water-supply to the new Castle Mill (now an antique shop).[7] The South Weir of the Middle Ages
seems much more likely to have been constructed across the Gwendraeth under
the north bailey of the castle, where a stony spur still channels the river
into a narrow area by the west bank. The west bank, moreover, just south of
this dam-site, still shows ample evidence of stone-walling and a stone platform
on the shore can be detected in winter close to the weir. There is every likelihood
that a dam constructed at this point, some 400m. downstream from the tidal
limit of the unimpeded Gwendraeth, would have the effect not only of creating
an ordinary millpond upstream but also of deepening the navigable channel
downstream during high tide. In the thirteenth century, it is most unlikely
that any other weir was constructed downstream from the south weir (although
there were dams upstream to create water-courses for grist-mills): by the
fifteenth century several additional weirs had been built below the south
weir and the original river access to the castle must have been substantially
modified. But in the time of Edward I, the area under the north
bailey of the: castle may very well represent the early wharfage area
for the delivery of stores to the Chaworth castle by sea. The water-course
from the dammed Gwendraeth to the fulling-mill would run south beside the
castle mound, under a stone or timber capping passing beneath the pathway
leading up from the wharf.
The
fulling-mill situated on this leat in 1282 was valued at the quite
substantial amount of 20s a year. The two grist-mills 'under the castle',
in fact some distance upstream from the north bailey, were much more valuable,
estimated at £18 a year, while the 'mills of the Welsh', the native communal
corn-mills in the interior of the lordship, were valued at £40 5s a year.[8]
Little changed in the Kidwelly area in water-powered mills over the following
century. Still in 1361 and 1362 there was only the single fulling-mill, now
valued at 10s a year, while the number of grist-mills is given as eight (some
of which were presumably in the Welshry), worth £26.[9]
Under
John of Gaunt, the Welsh corn-mills disappear from the seigniorial
economy of the lordship but the concentration of mills on the two kilometers
of the Gwendraeth Fach close to the castle was accentuated and by 1399 included
a second pandy. The original south weir fulling-mill still existed leased
to John Owain at the thirteenth-century rate of 20s: John Owain
also leased the two grain-mills on the Gwendraeth for £26 13s 4d a year.
A new pandy, called Bordeculle, probably located on the demesne lands
of Caldecote on the flats to the south of the castle, was by 1399 at lease
for another 20s. Out in the country John of Gaunt had erected two new grist-mills,
called Morlais mill and 'Cowemull', leased at £5 in 1395 for a term of five
years.[10]
The
mill income in the part of the lordship directly accounted for by the castle
reeve had therefore changed from an estimated £59 5s in the 1280s (largely
from the Welshry) and £26 10s in the 1360s to an actual gross £33 13s 4d by
the end of the century, when the fulling-mills were at their peak value of
£2. The death of John of Gaunt in 1399 and the accession of his son as King
Henry IV made Kidwelly an aspect of the royal estates: almost simultaneously
the Glyndwr revolt did a great deal of damage, not least to mills, throughout
the marches.[11]
From
1400 onwards the administrators of Kidwelly were on full alert. Already in
1399 the castle gates had been strengthened 'for better defence in
resisting the malice' of Richard II.[12] Now in 1400 and 1401 two of the
towers were partly rebuilt and the main gate was renewed, while men were specially
employed 'to watch and guard' and six pounds of gunpowder were brought into
the castle store in 1402.[13]
But in the following year, the Glyndwr rebels under Henry Don did a substantial
amount of damage to the castle and the small town, which took more than a
decade to repair.[14] The
main hall was reroofed with shingles at once, some repairs to grist-mills
were completed between 1405 and 1407,[15] but still in 1416 the tower over the gates, gutted
in October 1403, was only just being rebuilt and the drawbridge, portcullis
and walling were still being restored or replaced.[16]
Among
the buildings destroyed in 1403 was certainly one of the two fulling-mills,
for when another pandy was at last constructed on the site in 1443 the fate
of its predecessor was rehearsed in the account roll.[17] The pandy called 'Bordeculle' appears
in the 1400-1 account but not in the next surviving account a quarter of a
century later, nor in the receiver's accounts during those twenty-five years.[18] Between 1404 and
1407, however, a Welshman called Gwallter ab Hywel leased a mill called 'Tockemull'
for 5s, which, the receiver reported, was not charged on the castle-reeve's
account.[19]
The probable rationalisation of this scrappy evidence is that both
the fulling-mills of 1401, the old one on the south weir and the newer one
called 'Bordeculle', were destroyed during the Glyndwr attack. A new, small
pandy, worth only a quarter of either of those destroyed, was hastily erected
on the Gwendraeth and leased irregularly to a local man who saw profit in
fulling the cloth which was still being manufactured in some quantity within
the lordship. Gwallter's tucking-mill did not survive for long but was an
earnest of the significance of cloth-manufacture for the restoration of the
town economy after the trauma of 1403.
A larger mill was constructed
probably in 1422, when William Sylle and John Arnold entered on a six-year
lease, paying 24s annually. This new fulling-mill was upstream on the Gwendraeth
Fach, between the two grist-mills, Middle and Cadog's, and utilising
the water course for Middle Mill.[20] John
Arnold was certainly a burgess of the town at this time[21] and William Sylle was a prominent
lessee whose weir, 'Selleswere', was his eponymous memorial into Tudor times.[22]
Soon afterwards there was a second pandy again. In 1425 a water-mill under 'le Baillywall' was leased for eight years to Hugh Denneyth for the unusually large sum of £2 6s 8d.[23] Normally when a mill is described simply as a water-mill, it is for grinding, but in 1433, on expiry of the eight-year lease, it was leased for a further six years as a fulling-mill to Edward Stradling, Gruffudd Du and Owain ap Maredudd:[24] before this lease had run its course, however, in 1435 the pandy was included in a new general lease of the Caldecote demesne straddling the Gwendraeth Fach south-west of the castle and does not reappear as a separately leased entity.[25] It still existed in 1425, though not necessarily in operation,[26] but when in the following year the general lease of Caldecote was discontinued, the pandy disappeared from the account.[27]
The other pandy, the
one sharing Middle Mill's water-supply, was still leased for 24s in 1437 but
had been destroyed by 1440.[28] Its
two lessees, William Sylle and John Arnold, joined forces, however, with two
others, Dafydd Du and Gwallter Gwilym, to lease for seven years at 40s a new
fulling-mill built in 1438.[29]
This new pandy was on a site similar to the earlier one: it is described as
lying in the Hane, which was the low-lying pasture next to the river on the
east bank to the north-east of the castle.[30] it is also said to lie to the north
of Cadog's grain-mill and to lie between Cadog's and Middle mill.[31] Since Cadog's mill was upstream
from Middle mill, there is some difficulty in reconciling this profusion of
topographical information: but, since medieval compass bearings are rather
rough and ready, the pandy should probably be assumed to have been erected
to the east of the existing corn-mills upstream from the castle.[32]
The seven-year lease
of this fulling‑mill did not run its course but was converted to one
of three years, expiring in 1442.[33] The
same four lessees then negotiated a new ten-year lease at the reduced rate
of 30s a year.[34]
This lease was in turn succeeded on expiry in 1462 by yet another ten-year
lease at a further reduction to only 20s: of the previous lessees only Dafydd
Du survived, in partnership now with Rhys Gwilym and an Englishman, John Kynge.[35] These
three still leased the mill in 1465 but by 1477 the building had fallen down
and was not rebuilt.[36]
Yet another new pandy
had a similar though shorter history. This was called Alknathan (also spelt
Alknaithan or Alchkenatha), built at royal expense in 1443 on the site of
the mill destroyed in the Glyndwr revolt, presumably the one at the south
weir under the castle.[37] At this time there
was a good deal of maintenance and rebuilding going on in and around Kidwelly
Castle. Reflecting Henry VI's piety and sensibility, a new altar was put in
the tower called the King's closet and a new latrine was built beside the
King's chamber, where a new window with 'four lights as in Newark Castle'
was also inserted. Subsequently retiling and replacement of old rafters was
also being done. Just north of the castle the wood called Alknathan was enclosed:
around it a hedged ditch some 500m. long was dug more than a metre broad and just less than a metre deep.
It is from this enclosed woodland just above the pandy site that the new fulling-mill
of 1443 took its unexpected name.[38]
A house was built for
the fuller over the mill at the expense of the lessee, himself a fuller's
son, Ieuan Crach ap Toker (tucker).[39] The
accounts for the roofing of the thatched house, probably in 1445, survive
in an original file of subsidiary documents and cost 13s 4d, while a new ditch
some 500m. long was dug, presumably for the mill-race, costing 10s:[40] the previous ditch
of 500 m. enclosing Alknathan wood had cost 50s.[41] Ieuan Crach did
not long continue as lessee and by 1449 the unexpired portion of his ten-year
term at the annual sum of 20s had been assumed by John Deio and Cadwgan Taverner.[42] This
lease expired in 1454. For a year the pandy lay almost idle while heavy timber-beams
were replaced, so only 4s net was received and in the following year, 1455,
the pandy was leased again for the more realistic figure of 13s 4d.[43]
By 1458 repairs were required so extensive that there was no revenue at all
in the years 1458 to 1460 and when a new ten-year lease to John Malefant and
his associates was at last finalised in 1461, the sum had been reduced further
to 10s. This was paid for at least four years, but at some time between 1465
and 1477 the pandy of Alknathan finally became unusable and did not revive.[44]
But, as had happened
in the 1420s, and the 1440s, as fulling-mills fell out of use, new ones were
built, so in 1477 a replacement for Alknathan appeared, on the Gwendraeth
Fach to the north of the castle, on the site of the Hane mill off 1438.[45] This new, small pandy was leased
for 3s 4d and continued at this figure regularly up to 1488, but in that year
the lease value was doubled. In 1496 John ap William ap Gruffudd entered on
a thirty-year lease, still at 6s 6d a year. After the expiry of that long
lease it was leased again together grain-mills in Iscoed Morris in 1532 and
the half-mark was still being paid up to the end of Henry VIII's reign.[46]
The
seigniorial concern with the cloth industry in
the immediate area of Kidwelly castle was, therefore, steadily maintained
throughout the Lancastrian, Yorkist and early Tudor periods of lordship.
There was always at least one reasonably large pandy at work, with emergency
arrangements in the years after the physical destruction caused by the Glyndwr
revolt. Once the lordship returned to normality by Henry VI's reign, there
were regularly two fulling-mills at lease in five different locations until
Edward IV's time, when the pandies built in 1438 and 1443 closed, probably
simultaneously and were replaced by a new small concern bringing in only 3s
4d a year. But it was possible to double this lease-value early in Henry VII's
reign and the tradition of the industry was maintained into the sixteenth
century. Still in 1737 a former burgage (now a coal yard) was identified as
a 'croft y ddyntir', where the tenters had once stretched out the cloth to
dry after fulling.[47]
All
this interest in mechanised
fulling was fostered by the Duchy of Lancaster officials. But private pandies
may have coexisted in the country adjacent, without necessarily finding any
permanent record in the Kidwelly accounts. By Henry VIII's reign there was
certainly one such mill, equal in value to the surviving seigniorial
pandy. Dafydd ap Gwilym owned a fulling-mill on the delightful small stream
called Drysgeirch (grid reference SN461124) and found it economically sound
to lease it to another Welshman, Dafydd ap John ap Dafydd at 6s 8d for a term
of twenty years.[48]
The Drysgeirch is up in the Welshry: a short distance downstream from the
pandy site is the surviving grist-mill of Felindre (with its nineteenth‑century
equipment largely intact and its overshot wheel still an impressive skeleton).
Probably in Felindre one can see the successor of one of the Welsh mills of
the Chaworths' time and in the pandy nearby a reminder that in the upland
pastoral Welshries there was also a small local cloth industry in many parts
of the march, much less systematically documented.
The other town in Kidwelly
lordship was Llanelli. Three pandies were constructed in the jurisdictional
area of the town under Lancastrian management before 1361, worth an estimated
20s clear.[49] John
of Gaunt maintained two of these fulling-mills and spent £6 12s 6d building
a new grist-mill in the town in 1382.[50] The value of the two pandies remained
close to the 1361 estimate for the three, with one leased to John Dafydd in
1390 for a ten-year term at 10s, the other, to the west of the township on
the river Dulais, leased for a similar term in 1349 to Gwilym Ddu ap Gruffudd
Llwyd for 8s a year.[51]
Both these mills were destroyed by Henry Don in 1403 and only the pandy on
the Dulais was reconstructed in Henry IV's time. In a typical agreement, the
royal officials in 1412 leased the new Dulais pandy site to Henry Morys and
his heirs for twenty years at 8s on condition that Morys rebuilt and maintained
the mill.[52]
Morys, however, died in 1427 or 1428 and his heirs declined to inherit the
remaining few years of his long lease. Instead a new lease, for twenty-one
years, was negotiated at the same annual sum, with William Robyn, descending
to his heirs should he die before the lease expired.[53] The lease ran its full course and
after 1450 was renewed on a year-to-year basis until 1458, when difficulties
over the water-supply prevented its lease and after 1462 it was irreparably
in ruins.[54]
The pandy in the
township, built on the river Lliedi, was not rebuilt until 1436 when one John
ab Henry paid for a new mill 'in place of the old', next 'le Rokgardyn', the
King-duke supplying only one oak-tree in assistance. John ab Henry and his
heirs were then given a twenty-year lease of the pandy at the low rate of
3s 4d a year.[55] This long lease ran its course
and the pandy then fell into disrepair and never fulled again after 1457.[56]
So, unlike Kidwelly
castle, Llanelli town by the late 1450s was without any seigniorial fulling-mill.
Cloth continued to be manufactured, however, and a local entrepreneur, Henry
Thomas, leased for 2s a parcel of land on the Lliedi and built his own fulling-mill
there in 1456-7. He took a lease of twenty‑four years on the land but
died either in 1461 or 1470: certainly after 1477 the lease and presumably
the fulling-mill were also dead.[57]
But some time between 1495 and 1499 the Duchy administration successfully
leased a fulling-mill site for thirty years to John ap Dafydd ap Gruffudd
ap Gwallter on condition that he built a pandy there at his own expense. Although
this mill was leased for 3s 4d, the same amount as the former Rokgardyn' pandy,
it was not the same mill, since the 'Rokgardyn' mill remained separately on
the accounts as an unproductive item. The thirty-year lease ran its
full length and the 3s 4d was still being paid in 1547.[58]
The precise location
of these Llanelli pandies is not easy to determine. The striking 'Rokgardyn'
is of no assistance, for that was already meaningless and obsolete in the
fifteenth century: the clerks who recorded the former fulling-mill in the
charge on the account-roll gradually distorted the name to 'Rekgardyn' and
Bokgardyn', good evidence that it was no longer a recognisable
name. If, however, the mill on the Lliedi, which runs right through the township,
was close to the single town grist-mill in the fifteenth century, as is eminently
likely, then its site is probably around the area of the demesne mill shown
in John Davies' plan of the Llanelli part of the Stepney estate drawn
in 1761.[59] This eighteenth-century mill was on the west bank of
the Lliedi (grid reference SN 510007), to the south-east of the banc-y-felin and Heol Nantfelin shown on the 1877-8 Ordnance
Survey. If this is the site of the pandy of 1361 to 1401, then it is also
the site of the 'Rokgardyn'.
The other Llanelli pandy
of 1361, which did not survive until 1399, is not described: I assume that
it was in Llanelli and not in the country area of Carnwyllion (which are taken
together in the inquisitions of 1361-2) simply because there was no pandy
at all in Carnwyllion between 1399 and 1423.[60]
If a guess must be hazarded for its location, then another site on the Lliedi
is most likely, perhaps at Felinfoel to the north of the township, now celebrated
more for its brewery than its grist-mill.[61]
There
is some difficulty over the location of the seigniorial pandy known as 'Dowelles'. The little river Dulais lies more than two
kilometres west of Llanelli, entering the sea between Sandy and Pwll and running
almost due south from Five Roads. But a half-burgage is described in 1452
as abutting on 'Dowellesmyll'.[62] Towns did have suburban
burgages, of course, but this is unusually distant. The only conclusion must
be that the pandy lay on a leat on the east side of the Dulais near its mouth,
due west of Llanelli.
There was another pandy
on the Dulais, but that lay in the area of Carnwyllion and came late on the
scene. Carnwyllion, an area with no real administrative focus by the Lancastrian
period,[63] seems to have lacked
mechanical fulling until 1423 when an enterprising Welshman, Hywel ab Ieuan
ap Gwallter, went ahead and put up a pandy without seeking the approval of
the Duchy officials. The pandy was declared forfeit but was immediately leased
to Hywel for eight years at 6s 8d annually. This pandy was known as 'Camoyle',
and is almost certainly the same as the Cwm pandy on the Morlais shown on
the first edition of the 25 inch Ordnance Survey map. The site is now Coed-cyw
(SN 532074), where an old mill-race survives just north of Pont Morlais. Hywel
ran it for a time and paid his rent until 1450, but the watercourse then fell
into disrepair and the mill itself collapsed.[64]
While Hywel's mill was
still functioning, another private pandy was constructed on the Morlais. Rhys
ap Thomas ap Trahaiarn Du prudently sought permission for his enterprise and
in 1441 was granted the lease of a suitable site, probably at the existing
Troserch mill (SN 544033).[65] His
twelve-year lease, at 3s 4d, ran its course and after 1453 it continued to
be renewed annually until 1459. After that date, the pandy disappeared.[66]
But just as Rhys' mill
was failing, yet another local man was planning to build his own pandy. In
1458-9 Ieuan Gwyn ap Dafydd ap Tomkin negotiated a lease of a suitable pandy
site for sixty years at 4d a year, but the lease did not actually start that
year and since he never paid the 4d in subsequent years, Ieuan Gwyn clearly
abandoned his project.[67]
Despite the failure of
both Hywel ab Ieuan and Ieuan Gwyn in the later 1450s, there continued to
be substantial interest among the Welsh of this sheep-country in investing
in mechanical fulling. So in 1462 Dafydd ap Gruffudd ab Ieuan Fychan took
a lease on a pandy-site on the Dulais for 4d a year. This enterprise seems
to have prospered under Dafydd ap Gwallter Fychan into Tudor times.[68] The 4d rent was still being paid
in 1546.[69] The
mill was presumably on the headwaters of the Dulais in the Five Roads areas
since the lower reaches of the river were within Llanelli's jurisdiction.
The old site of Rhys
ap Thomas ap Trahaiarn's pandy was also leased again for the same purpose,
but now not at 3s 4d but only at 4d, from the late 1490s until after Henry
VIII's time, but whether there was actually a fulling-mill at work on the
site is not revealed by the accounts.[70]
Despite
varying uncertainties and deficiencies in the surviving evidence, there is
no doubt that throughout the late Middle Ages there was a cloth industry in
Kidwelly lordship which went beyond mere subsistence production. Both in the
sheep-country of the interior and on the lower reaches of the Gwendraeth Fach,
the Dulais, the Morlais and the Lliedi, wool was consistently spun and woven
into cloth in sufficient quantity to encourage both Duchy administrators and
local entrepreneurs to build maintain, operate or lease a substantial number
of fulling-mills.
[1] R. I. Jack, 'The Cloth Industry in Medieval Wales',
Welsh History Review, 10 (1980-1), 447-50
[2] In the sixteenth century Carmarthen priory owned
a complex of three pandies adjacent to the monastery and a fourth at Abergwili.
The fine mill-race from Cwmgwili weir on the river Gwili running 3608 yards
to the priory site on the Tywi is still in existence. (R. I. Jack, 'Fullingmills
in Wales and the March before 1547', Archaeologia Cambrensis, 130 (1981),
87, 93‑4.
[3] Jack, Welsh History Review, 10 (1980-1), 443-7.
[4] D. Daven Jones, A History of Kidwelly, Carmarthen
1908, 23. Jones attributed the origins of the cloth industry to the Flemings
in twelfth-century Kidwelly (p. 100).
[5] There are some receiver's accounts for Richard
II's reign and one for 1369-70 (Public Record Office, Duchy of Lancaster,
Ministers' Accounts, DL29/584/9236-9240). The series of accounts from the
various local officials begins only in 1399 (PRO, DL29/573/9063).
[6] PRO, Chancery, Inquisitions postmortem, Edward
1, C133/35/4/14, taken on I August 1283.
[7] For a map showing this weir and the original
line of the nineteenth-century mill leat, which is now diverted some 20m.
S of the weir to serve as a drain, see Heather James, 'Topographical Notes
on the Early Medieval Borough of Kidwelly', Carms. Antiq. 16 (1980), fig.
1, p. 16.
[8] PRO, C133/35/4/14.
[9] PRO, Chancery, Inquisitions postmortem, Edward
III, C135/161/37 (inquisition after death of Henry, Duke of Lancaster);
C135/169/37 (inquisition after death of Maud, widow of the Duke of Bavaria).
[10] PRO, DL 29/573/9063, 9064; Jones, History of
Kidwelly, 27‑8.
[11] William Rees, South Wales and the March, 1284-1415:
a Social and Agrarian Study, Oxford 1924, 273-80.
[12] PRO, DL29/584/9240.
[13] PRO, DL29/584/9241.
[14] J. E. Lloyd, Owen Glendower, Oxford 1931, 76.
[15] PRO, DL29/584/9242.
[16] PRO, DL29/584/9243.
[17] PRO, DL29/573/9072.
[18] PRO, DL291573/9065, 9066; 584/9240-9243.
[19] PRO, DL29/584/9242.
[20] PRO, DL29/573/9064.
[21] PRO, DL29/584/9244: in connection with the payment
of the borough's gift of £60 to Henry VI in 1441 a list of thirteen burgesses
is given in the receiver's account.
[22] PRO, DL29/575/9097.
[23] PRO, DL29/573/9066.
[24] PRO, DL29/573/9067.
[25] PRO, DL29/573/9067.
[26] PRO, DL29/574/9077.
[27] PRO, DL29/574/9078.
[28] PRO, DL29/573/9067, 9069.
[29] PRO, DL29/573/9068.
[30] PRO, DL29/573/9072. For the location of the Hane,
see James, Carms. Antiq. 16 (1980), 10
[31] PRO, DL29/573/9072, 9076.
[32] Cf. the confusion between S and E in the description
of a Kidwelly burgage in 1511 (James. Carms. Antiq. 16 (1980), 7; National
Library of Wales, Muddlescombe 2119).
[33] PRO, DL29/573/9070, 9071.
[34] PRO, DL29/573/9072.
[35] PRO, DL29/574/9083.
[36] PRO, DL29/574/9085.
[37] PRO, DL29/573/9072.
[38] PRO, DL29/584/9245.
[39] PRO, DL29/573/9072.
[40] PRO, DL29/573/9074.
[41] PRO, DL29/584/9245.
[42] PRO, DL29/573/9075.
[43] PRO, DL29/574/9079, 9080.
[44] PRO, DL29/574/9082‑9097; 596/9558
(the 1459-60 account which is included in a Monmouth file).
[45] PRO, DL29/574/9085. The siting of it between Cadog's
mill and Middle Mill and therefore on the Hane site is proven by the early
Tudor survey, PRO, Duchy of Lancaster, Rentals and Surveys, DL43/12/14 fo.
83r.
[46] PRO, DL29/574/9085-9097; 576/9115; 577/9122-9135.
[47] Dyfed RO, Carmarthen, Trant-Yelverton 157
[48] J. Morgan, 'The River "Tyskeethe" ',
Trans. Carms. Antiq. Soc. and Field Club, 1-2 (1905-7) 111, 115.
[49] PRO, C135/161/ 37.
[50] PRO, DL29/584/9237.
[51] PRO, DL29/573/9063.
[52] PRO, DL29/573/9066.
[53] PRO, DL29/573/9067
[54] PRO, DL29/573/9076; 574/9077-9083.
[55] PRO, DL29/573/9067.
[56] PRO, DL29/574/9080, 9082.
[57] PRO, DL29/574/9082-9085.
[58] PRO, DL29/575/9102; 577/9135.
[59] Dyfed RO, Carmarthen, Stepney Estate Office 72.
[60] PRO, DL29/573/9063-9066.
[61] For Felinfoel grist-mill, which was purchased
by Henry Child around 1800, see Dyfed RO, Carmarthen, Castell Gorfod MS
169, Castell Gorfod Maps and Plans 27 and W. Kemmis Buckley, 'Some Aspects
of Early Nonconformity and Early Commerce in Llanelli', Carms. Antiq. 5
(1964-69), 15-16. A pandy shared the corn-mill's pond there in 1805 (Dyfed
RO, Carmarthen, Mansel-Lewis 2538 map xiv).
[62] PRO, DL29/574/9077.
[63] J. D. Davies, 'The Castle of Carnwyllion', Carms.
Antiq. 18 (1982), 29-36.
[64] PRO, DL29/573/9066-9076; 574/9077, 9078.
[65] PRO, DL29/573/9070.
[66] PRO, DL29/573/9071-9076; 574/9077-9083.
[67] PRO, DL29/574/9082, 9083.
[68] PRO, DL29/574/9083-9091; 575/9095, 9096.
[69] PRO, DL29/577/9135.